ANOGEN-YES BIOTECH Serum amyloid A is a biomarker of severe coronavirus disease and poor prognosis This study studied the significance of serum amyloid A (SAA) in predicting the severity and prognosis of coronavirus disease. They collected blood samples from 132 COVID-19 patients and determined that the levels of SAA and C-reactive protein (CRP) were elevated while levels of lymphocytes were low in those with COVID-19. Those with decreasing levels of SAA had better disease outcome than those with higher levels of SAA. The researchers believe that evaluating the levels of SAA and lymphocyte is valuable to predicting COVID-19 severity and prognosis. Moreover, conducting research on the SAA protein can provide insight into possible treatment options. Shop The Sale Read our selection of the most exciting research papers published this year. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival The researchers from Mount Sinai found that in severe COVID-19 cases, two cytokine levels were high; the IL-6 and TNF-α . Furthermore, those with higher levels of the two cytokines were twofold more likely to die. Based on these results, the scientists recommend monitoring the levels of these two cytokines as their levels in the blood can determine the prognosis of COVID-19 or how severe the case may be. Moreover, they also suggested that drugs that target either one of these cytokines or both should be tested as they may be beneficial. Research Target: IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8. Read the full article in Nature, August 2020. Serum Amyloid A is a biomarker of severe Coronavirus Disease and poor prognosis This study studied the significance of serum amyloid A (SAA) in predicting the severity and prognosis of coronavirus disease and determined that the levels of SAA and C-reactive protein (CRP) were elevated while levels of lymphocytes were low. COVID-19 patients with decreasing levels of SAA had better disease outcomes than those with higher levels of SAA. The researchers believe that evaluating the levels of SAA and lymphocyte is valuable in predicting COVID-19 severity and prognosis. Moreover, conducting research on the SAA protein can provide insight into possible treatment options. Research Target: SAA, CRP Read the full article in ScienceDirect, June 2020. Severe immunosuppression and not a cytokine storm characterizes COVID-19 infections This study tests two different hypotheses to determine whether the morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 come from the suppression of the immune system or a cytokine storm. The researchers conducted an ELISpot functional immunoassay and determined the levels of IFN-ɣ and TFN-α in T-cells. They found that T-cell levels were low in those with COVID-19 and they also produced lower levels of IFN-ɣ and TFN-α. They also found that in 25% of COVID-19 patients, the IL-6 levels were high but none of the other inflammatory protein levels were high. Overall these results suggested that COVID-19 suppressed the adaptive and innate immune system. Research Target: IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α Read the full article in JCI insight, July 2020. Serum Cytokine and Chemokine Profile in Relation to the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China This study detected the serum levels of 48 cytokines and chemokines in a cohort of COVID-19 patients including asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe cases. The researchers found the serum IL-7, IL-10, and IP-10 levels were significantly higher in asymptomatic cases, the moderate cases had higher serum concentrations of IL-18, IP-10, and M-CSF, and the severe cases had higher serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, G-CSF, M-CSF, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-3, MIG, and MIP-1α. The researchers believe that the cytokine and chemokine response patterns in different stages of the progress of COVID-19 could serve as biomarkers to evaluate the disease severity and outcome of COVID-19 patients. They also suggest that IP-10, IL-10, and IL-7 have significant diagnostic value as analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curve. Research Target: GM-CSF, MCP-1M-CSF Read the full article in OXFORD ACADEMIC, June 2020.   Profiling serum cytokines in COVID-19 patients reveals IL-6 and IL-10 are disease severity predictors This study analyzed inflammatory cytokines and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) profiles of serum samples and found compared with control individuals, COVID-19 patients have higher serum levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) and CRP. Furthermore, within COVID-19 patients, serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels are significantly higher in critical cases than in moderate and severe cases. The researchers suggest IL-6 and IL-10 can be used as predictors for fast diagnosis of patients with higher risks of disease deterioration. Research Target: IL-10, IL-6, Read the full article in ResearchGate, January 2020.   COVID-19 cytokines and the hyperactive immune response: Synergism of TNF-α and IFN-γ in triggering inflammation, tissue damage, and death This study observed multiple inflammatory cytokines produced by innate immune cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection and found that the combined production of TNF-α and IFN-γ specifically induced inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, characterized by gasdermin–mediated pyroptosis, caspase-8–mediated apoptosis, and MLKL–mediated necroptosis. The researchers reveal that blocking the COVID-19 cytokine-mediated inflammatory cell death signalling pathway identified in this study may benefit patients with COVID-19 or other cytokine storm-driven syndromes by limiting inflammation and tissue damage. Research Target: TNF-α, IFN-γ, Read the full article in ScienceNews, October2020.       Copyright © 2020, Anogen-Yes Biotech Lab, All rights reserved.

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